Chemical Bond Types
Primary types of chemical bonds and interactions.
The principal types of chemical bonding and interaction: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen and van der Waals bonds, with polar and nonpolar covalent bonds, coordinate bonds, dipole-dipole, London dispersion and ion-dipole forces, each with an example.
Use it when
- You need to classify a bond or explain why a substance has a certain melting point or solubility.
- You are comparing strong (intramolecular) and weak (intermolecular) interactions.
Watch out for
- Bond types are idealizations; most bonds have mixed ionic and covalent character.
- Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces are attractions between molecules, much weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.
The data
11 rows
| Bond | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Ionic | Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. | NaCl |
| Covalent | Atoms share electron pairs. | H2O |
| Metallic | Electrons are delocalized among metal cations. | Cu, Fe |
| Hydrogen | Attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom. | H2O hydrogen bonds |
| Van der Waals | Weak intermolecular forces from transient dipoles. | Noble gas liquids |
| Polar Covalent | Electrons are shared unequally because the atoms differ in electronegativity, giving partial charges. | HCl |
| Nonpolar Covalent | Electrons are shared equally or nearly equally between atoms of similar electronegativity. | H2, N2 |
| Coordinate (Dative) Covalent | Both bonding electrons come from one atom. | NH4+ formed from NH3 and H+ |
| Dipole-Dipole | Attraction between the partial positive end of one polar molecule and the partial negative end of another. | Acetone molecules |
| London Dispersion | Weak attraction from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution; present in all molecules. | Noble gases, methane |
| Ion-Dipole | Attraction between an ion and a polar molecule, important in dissolving salts. | Na+ surrounded by water molecules |
Fields
The shape of this dataset, read from the data itself: every column, its type and a real value. Agents can use this to plan a query without fetching the whole document.
| Section | Field | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| data | bond | string | Ionic |
| data | description | string | Electrostatic attraction between oppositely cha… |
| data | example | string | NaCl |
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