api: YAML JSON TOON Database
version: 1.0.0
format: json
dataset:
  slug: stages-of-development
  title: Stages of Development
  description: Piaget's cognitive stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages and Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.
  summary: Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, extended with Erikson's eight psychosocial stages and Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning. Together they give the three classic stage models side by side, each with a typical age range and a one-line description.
  use_when:
    - You need the standard names and typical age ranges of the classic developmental stage models.
    - You are comparing cognitive, psychosocial and moral development frameworks.
  caveats:
    - Ages are typical, not fixed; children and adults vary and cultures differ.
    - These are historical theories. Later research revised many of Piaget's claims, and Kohlberg's levels are criticized for cultural and gender bias.
  related:
    - attachment-styles
    - learning-theories
  category: Psychology
  category_slug: psychology
  tags: psychology,development,piaget,erikson,kohlberg
  view_count: 0
  entry_count: 15
  fields:
    - section: data
      field: stage
      type: string
      example: Sensorimotor
    - section: data
      field: age_range
      type: string
      example: 0-2 years
    - section: data
      field: description
      type: string
      example: Infants learn through senses and motor actions;…
data:
  - stage: Sensorimotor
    age_range: 0-2 years
    description: Infants learn through senses and motor actions; object permanence develops.
  - stage: Preoperational
    age_range: 2-7 years
    description: Symbolic thinking and language; egocentrism present.
  - stage: Concrete Operational
    age_range: 7-11 years
    description: Logical thought about concrete events; conservation understood.
  - stage: Formal Operational
    age_range: 12+ years
    description: Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking.
  - stage: Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
    age_range: 0-1 year
    description: Infants develop a sense of whether the world is reliable, depending on consistent care.
  - stage: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)
    age_range: 1-3 years
    description: Toddlers assert independence; success builds self-control, harsh criticism builds shame.
  - stage: Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)
    age_range: 3-6 years
    description: Children plan and initiate activities; too much disapproval can produce guilt.
  - stage: Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)
    age_range: 6-12 years
    description: Children learn skills and compare their competence with peers.
  - stage: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)
    age_range: 12-18 years
    description: Adolescents explore roles and values to form a coherent sense of self.
  - stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)
    age_range: 18-40 years
    description: Young adults seek close, committed relationships.
  - stage: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)
    age_range: 40-65 years
    description: Adults seek to contribute to the next generation through work, family or community.
  - stage: Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)
    age_range: 65+ years
    description: Older adults reflect on life, finding either acceptance or regret.
  - stage: Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg)
    age_range: Childhood
    description: "Right and wrong are judged by consequences to oneself: punishment avoidance and personal reward."
  - stage: Conventional Morality (Kohlberg)
    age_range: Adolescence to adulthood
    description: Right and wrong are judged by social approval, rules and the maintenance of social order.
  - stage: Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg)
    age_range: Some adults
    description: Right and wrong are judged by abstract principles such as justice and rights that can override laws.