{
    "api": "YAML JSON TOON Database",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "format": "json",
    "dataset": {
        "slug": "stages-of-development",
        "title": "Stages of Development",
        "description": "Piaget's cognitive stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages and Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.",
        "summary": "Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, extended with Erikson's eight psychosocial stages and Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning. Together they give the three classic stage models side by side, each with a typical age range and a one-line description.",
        "use_when": [
            "You need the standard names and typical age ranges of the classic developmental stage models.",
            "You are comparing cognitive, psychosocial and moral development frameworks."
        ],
        "caveats": [
            "Ages are typical, not fixed; children and adults vary and cultures differ.",
            "These are historical theories. Later research revised many of Piaget's claims, and Kohlberg's levels are criticized for cultural and gender bias."
        ],
        "related": [
            "attachment-styles",
            "learning-theories"
        ],
        "category": "Psychology",
        "category_slug": "psychology",
        "tags": "psychology,development,piaget,erikson,kohlberg",
        "view_count": 0,
        "entry_count": 15,
        "fields": [
            {
                "section": "data",
                "field": "stage",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Sensorimotor"
            },
            {
                "section": "data",
                "field": "age_range",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "0-2 years"
            },
            {
                "section": "data",
                "field": "description",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Infants learn through senses and motor actions;…"
            }
        ]
    },
    "data": [
        {
            "stage": "Sensorimotor",
            "age_range": "0-2 years",
            "description": "Infants learn through senses and motor actions; object permanence develops."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Preoperational",
            "age_range": "2-7 years",
            "description": "Symbolic thinking and language; egocentrism present."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Concrete Operational",
            "age_range": "7-11 years",
            "description": "Logical thought about concrete events; conservation understood."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Formal Operational",
            "age_range": "12+ years",
            "description": "Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "0-1 year",
            "description": "Infants develop a sense of whether the world is reliable, depending on consistent care."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "1-3 years",
            "description": "Toddlers assert independence; success builds self-control, harsh criticism builds shame."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "3-6 years",
            "description": "Children plan and initiate activities; too much disapproval can produce guilt."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "6-12 years",
            "description": "Children learn skills and compare their competence with peers."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "12-18 years",
            "description": "Adolescents explore roles and values to form a coherent sense of self."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "18-40 years",
            "description": "Young adults seek close, committed relationships."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "40-65 years",
            "description": "Adults seek to contribute to the next generation through work, family or community."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)",
            "age_range": "65+ years",
            "description": "Older adults reflect on life, finding either acceptance or regret."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg)",
            "age_range": "Childhood",
            "description": "Right and wrong are judged by consequences to oneself: punishment avoidance and personal reward."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Conventional Morality (Kohlberg)",
            "age_range": "Adolescence to adulthood",
            "description": "Right and wrong are judged by social approval, rules and the maintenance of social order."
        },
        {
            "stage": "Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg)",
            "age_range": "Some adults",
            "description": "Right and wrong are judged by abstract principles such as justice and rights that can override laws."
        }
    ]
}