{
    "api": "YAML JSON TOON Database",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "format": "json",
    "dataset": {
        "slug": "cognitive-biases",
        "title": "Cognitive Biases",
        "description": "Common systematic patterns of deviation from rational judgment.",
        "summary": "A working list of named cognitive biases, each with a one-line description of the systematic error it names. Entries cover judgment under uncertainty, memory, social perception and decision framing, so one lookup can serve a decision-review checklist or a reasoning-failure taxonomy.",
        "use_when": [
            "You are building a decision-review checklist and need consistent names for failure modes.",
            "You want to label a reasoning error precisely instead of calling it generically 'bias'."
        ],
        "caveats": [
            "Biases overlap and some names describe the same phenomenon from different angles (the primacy effect and anchoring both involve early information).",
            "Not every named bias has the same replication record; the effect can be small or context-dependent."
        ],
        "related": [
            "logical-fallacies",
            "defense-mechanisms",
            "learning-theories"
        ],
        "category": "Psychology",
        "category_slug": "psychology",
        "tags": "psychology,biases,cognition",
        "view_count": 0,
        "entry_count": 40,
        "fields": [
            {
                "section": "data",
                "field": "bias",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Confirmation Bias"
            },
            {
                "section": "data",
                "field": "description",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Favoring information that confirms existing bel…"
            }
        ]
    },
    "data": [
        {
            "bias": "Confirmation Bias",
            "description": "Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Anchoring",
            "description": "Over-relying on the first piece of information offered."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Availability Heuristic",
            "description": "Judging probability by how easily examples come to mind."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Dunning-Kruger Effect",
            "description": "Unskilled individuals overestimate their ability."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Sunk Cost Fallacy",
            "description": "Continuing an endeavor because of previously invested resources."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Hindsight Bias",
            "description": "Believing past events were more predictable than they were."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Bandwagon Effect",
            "description": "Adopting beliefs or behaviors because others do."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Fundamental Attribution Error",
            "description": "Overweighting personality and underweighting situation when explaining other people's behavior."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Actor-Observer Bias",
            "description": "Explaining one's own actions by the situation but other people's actions by their character."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Self-Serving Bias",
            "description": "Crediting successes to oneself and blaming failures on external factors."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Optimism Bias",
            "description": "Expecting good outcomes to be more likely, and bad ones less likely, for oneself than for others."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Overconfidence Effect",
            "description": "Holding more certainty in one's judgments than their accuracy supports."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Planning Fallacy",
            "description": "Underestimating the time, cost and risk of a plan while overestimating its benefits."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Framing Effect",
            "description": "Reaching different decisions from logically equivalent information depending on how it is presented."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Loss Aversion",
            "description": "Feeling losses more strongly than equivalent gains, which pushes people to avoid losses."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Endowment Effect",
            "description": "Valuing something more highly merely because one owns it."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Status Quo Bias",
            "description": "Preferring the current state of affairs and treating change as a loss."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Halo Effect",
            "description": "Letting a favorable impression in one area color judgments of unrelated traits."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Survivorship Bias",
            "description": "Drawing conclusions from the cases that survived a selection process while ignoring those that did not."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Base Rate Neglect",
            "description": "Giving too little weight to how common something is in general when evaluating specific evidence."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Gambler's Fallacy",
            "description": "Believing that independent random events are 'due' to reverse after a streak."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Recency Bias",
            "description": "Giving disproportionate weight to the most recent events or information."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Primacy Effect",
            "description": "Remembering and weighting the earliest items in a sequence more than later ones."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Representativeness Heuristic",
            "description": "Judging probability by how closely something resembles a typical case rather than by statistical likelihood."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Negativity Bias",
            "description": "Giving more weight to negative information and experiences than to positive ones of equal size."
        },
        {
            "bias": "In-Group Bias",
            "description": "Favoring members of one's own group over outsiders in evaluation and treatment."
        },
        {
            "bias": "False Consensus Effect",
            "description": "Overestimating how many other people share one's own beliefs and behaviors."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Curse of Knowledge",
            "description": "Struggling to imagine what it is like not to know something once you know it."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Spotlight Effect",
            "description": "Overestimating how much other people notice one's appearance and actions."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Illusion of Control",
            "description": "Overestimating one's influence over events that are largely determined by chance."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Belief Perseverance",
            "description": "Clinging to a belief after the evidence that supported it has been discredited."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Authority Bias",
            "description": "Attributing greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure and being unduly influenced by it."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Mere-Exposure Effect",
            "description": "Coming to prefer things simply because they are familiar."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Peak-End Rule",
            "description": "Judging an experience mainly by its most intense moment and its ending, not by its average."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Normalcy Bias",
            "description": "Underestimating the likelihood and impact of a disaster because nothing like it has happened before."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Decoy Effect",
            "description": "A third, inferior option shifts preference between two other options."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Law of the Instrument",
            "description": "Over-relying on a familiar tool for every problem ('if all you have is a hammer')."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Bias Blind Spot",
            "description": "Recognizing the impact of biases on others' judgment more readily than on one's own."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Clustering Illusion",
            "description": "Seeing meaningful patterns or streaks in random data."
        },
        {
            "bias": "Affect Heuristic",
            "description": "Letting current emotion stand in for an assessment of risk or benefit."
        }
    ]
}