Cognitive Biases
Common systematic patterns of deviation from rational judgment.
A working list of named cognitive biases, each with a one-line description of the systematic error it names. Entries cover judgment under uncertainty, memory, social perception and decision framing, so one lookup can serve a decision-review checklist or a reasoning-failure taxonomy.
Use it when
- You are building a decision-review checklist and need consistent names for failure modes.
- You want to label a reasoning error precisely instead of calling it generically 'bias'.
Watch out for
- Biases overlap and some names describe the same phenomenon from different angles (the primacy effect and anchoring both involve early information).
- Not every named bias has the same replication record; the effect can be small or context-dependent.
The data
40 rows
| Bias | Description |
|---|---|
| Confirmation Bias | Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs. |
| Anchoring | Over-relying on the first piece of information offered. |
| Availability Heuristic | Judging probability by how easily examples come to mind. |
| Dunning-Kruger Effect | Unskilled individuals overestimate their ability. |
| Sunk Cost Fallacy | Continuing an endeavor because of previously invested resources. |
| Hindsight Bias | Believing past events were more predictable than they were. |
| Bandwagon Effect | Adopting beliefs or behaviors because others do. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Overweighting personality and underweighting situation when explaining other people's behavior. |
| Actor-Observer Bias | Explaining one's own actions by the situation but other people's actions by their character. |
| Self-Serving Bias | Crediting successes to oneself and blaming failures on external factors. |
| Optimism Bias | Expecting good outcomes to be more likely, and bad ones less likely, for oneself than for others. |
| Overconfidence Effect | Holding more certainty in one's judgments than their accuracy supports. |
| Planning Fallacy | Underestimating the time, cost and risk of a plan while overestimating its benefits. |
| Framing Effect | Reaching different decisions from logically equivalent information depending on how it is presented. |
| Loss Aversion | Feeling losses more strongly than equivalent gains, which pushes people to avoid losses. |
| Endowment Effect | Valuing something more highly merely because one owns it. |
| Status Quo Bias | Preferring the current state of affairs and treating change as a loss. |
| Halo Effect | Letting a favorable impression in one area color judgments of unrelated traits. |
| Survivorship Bias | Drawing conclusions from the cases that survived a selection process while ignoring those that did not. |
| Base Rate Neglect | Giving too little weight to how common something is in general when evaluating specific evidence. |
| Gambler's Fallacy | Believing that independent random events are 'due' to reverse after a streak. |
| Recency Bias | Giving disproportionate weight to the most recent events or information. |
| Primacy Effect | Remembering and weighting the earliest items in a sequence more than later ones. |
| Representativeness Heuristic | Judging probability by how closely something resembles a typical case rather than by statistical likelihood. |
| Negativity Bias | Giving more weight to negative information and experiences than to positive ones of equal size. |
| In-Group Bias | Favoring members of one's own group over outsiders in evaluation and treatment. |
| False Consensus Effect | Overestimating how many other people share one's own beliefs and behaviors. |
| Curse of Knowledge | Struggling to imagine what it is like not to know something once you know it. |
| Spotlight Effect | Overestimating how much other people notice one's appearance and actions. |
| Illusion of Control | Overestimating one's influence over events that are largely determined by chance. |
| Belief Perseverance | Clinging to a belief after the evidence that supported it has been discredited. |
| Authority Bias | Attributing greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure and being unduly influenced by it. |
| Mere-Exposure Effect | Coming to prefer things simply because they are familiar. |
| Peak-End Rule | Judging an experience mainly by its most intense moment and its ending, not by its average. |
| Normalcy Bias | Underestimating the likelihood and impact of a disaster because nothing like it has happened before. |
| Decoy Effect | A third, inferior option shifts preference between two other options. |
| Law of the Instrument | Over-relying on a familiar tool for every problem ('if all you have is a hammer'). |
| Bias Blind Spot | Recognizing the impact of biases on others' judgment more readily than on one's own. |
| Clustering Illusion | Seeing meaningful patterns or streaks in random data. |
| Affect Heuristic | Letting current emotion stand in for an assessment of risk or benefit. |
Fields
The shape of this dataset, read from the data itself: every column, its type and a real value. Agents can use this to plan a query without fetching the whole document.
| Section | Field | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| data | bias | string | Confirmation Bias |
| data | description | string | Favoring information that confirms existing bel… |
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