api: YAML JSON TOON Database
version: 1.0.0
format: toon
category:
  id: 402
  slug: physics
  name: Physics
  description: Core physics concepts and laws.
  icon: layers
  created_at: 1783090350
  dataset_count: 6
  topic:
    overview: "Physics reference data summarizes the laws and quantities that describe matter, motion, energy and waves: classical mechanics and its conservation laws, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, waves and sound, and the core principles of quantum mechanics. Most entries pair a verbal statement with an equation, and the equation only makes sense with its assumptions: classical mechanics fails near the speed of light and at atomic scales, and thermodynamic laws are statistical statements about large systems. Units and the domain of validity are part of every answer."
    key_ideas[7]{term,meaning}:
      Conservation law,"A quantity that stays constant in a closed system: energy, momentum, angular momentum and charge. Many problems are solved by choosing which conservation law applies."
      Field,"A quantity defined at every point in space, such as the electric or magnetic field, that mediates forces between objects."
      Wave,"A disturbance that transfers energy without transferring matter. Wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed are linked: speed equals frequency times wavelength."
      Entropy,A measure of how many microscopic arrangements correspond to a macroscopic state; in isolated systems it does not decrease.
      Superposition,"Waves, and quantum states, add: the combined disturbance is the sum of the parts."
      SI units,"The metric system used in physics: meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela, with derived units such as newton, joule and watt."
      Domain of validity,"The conditions under which an equation holds, for example speeds much less than the speed of light for Newtonian mechanics."
    pitfalls[4]: "Applying a formula without checking its assumptions (constant acceleration, ideal gas, small angles, non-relativistic speeds).","Mixing units, for example grams with kilograms or Celsius with kelvin in thermodynamic formulas.",Treating the uncertainty principle as a limit of measuring equipment; it is a property of quantum states.,Restating the second law as 'disorder always increases' without the condition that the system is isolated.
    agent_tips[3]: "Give the equation, define each symbol with its SI unit, and state its domain of validity.","For numerical answers, show units through the calculation and round to a sensible number of significant figures.",Say when a topic is a model rather than a law; wave-particle duality and similar ideas have interpretations that physicists still debate.
    start_with[2]: classical-mechanics,thermodynamics-laws
datasets[6]{id,slug,title,description,tags,view_count,created_at,entry_count,summary}:
  2744,classical-mechanics,"Classical Mechanics: Laws of Motion and Energy","Foundations of classical mechanics: Newton's laws, conservation laws (energy, momentum, angular momentum), Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, and oscillations.","physics,classical-mechanics,newton,conservation-laws,lagrangian,hamiltonian,oscillations",57,1778695229,13,"The foundational principles of classical mechanics: Newton's three laws, the conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum, and the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations, each with a statement, formula and significance. Extra entries add universal gravitation, the work-energy theorem, Hooke's law and Kepler's third law."
  2787,electromagnetism-basics,Electromagnetism Basics,Fundamental concepts in electromagnetism.,"physics,electromagnetism,reference",47,1793403093,16,"The basic concepts of electricity and magnetism: charge, electric and magnetic fields, Coulomb's law, Ohm's law and electromagnetic induction, plus Gauss's law, Faraday's law, Maxwell's equations, capacitance, inductance, the Lorentz force and electromagnetic waves."
  2913,thermodynamics-laws,Laws of Thermodynamics,The four laws of thermodynamics.,"physics,thermodynamics,laws",54,1793403093,7,"The four laws of thermodynamics: the zeroth law on thermal equilibrium, the first law on energy conservation, the second law on entropy and the third law on absolute zero. Extra rows state the second law in its Clausius, Kelvin-Planck and entropy forms."
  2864,optics-fundamentals,Optics Fundamentals,Basic concepts in the study of light.,"physics,optics,light",61,1793403093,16,"The core phenomena of geometric and wave optics: reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, dispersion and lenses, with Snell's law, total internal reflection, polarization, scattering, refractive index, the thin lens equation and thin-film interference."
  2880,quantum-mechanics-basics,"Quantum Mechanics: Core Principles and Phenomena","Foundations of quantum mechanics: wave-particle duality, Schrödinger equation, Heisenberg uncertainty, quantum superposition, entanglement, and measurement problem.","physics,quantum-mechanics,schrodinger,heisenberg,superposition,entanglement,wave-particle-duality",60,1778695229,7,"The central principles of quantum mechanics and the phenomena that illustrate them: wave-particle duality, the Schrodinger equation, the uncertainty principle, superposition, entanglement and measurement, each with key experiments, a formula and its significance."
  2926,waves-and-sound,Waves and Sound,Properties of mechanical waves and sound.,"physics,waves,sound",49,1793403093,16,"The quantities that describe waves and their application to sound: wavelength, frequency, amplitude, period, wave speed, pitch and intensity, plus phase, the speed of sound, the decibel scale, the Doppler effect, resonance, standing waves, superposition and beats."