api: YAML JSON TOON Database
version: 1.0.0
format: toon
category:
  id: 403
  slug: chemistry
  name: Chemistry
  description: "Chemical elements, compounds, and reactions."
  icon: box
  created_at: 1783090350
  dataset_count: 5
  topic:
    overview: "Chemistry reference data covers the periodic table and the ways atoms combine: chemical bonds, common acids and bases and the pH scale that measures them, and the functional groups that organize organic chemistry. The facts are well established, but they come with conventions that matter, such as how atomic mass is defined, which indicator colors are used for pH, and that many acid and base strengths depend on concentration and solvent. Safety information, such as handling strong acids, belongs alongside the properties."
    key_ideas[7]{term,meaning}:
      Atomic number and mass,"The atomic number counts protons and defines the element; atomic mass is a weighted average over isotopes, so it is not a whole number."
      Bond types,"Ionic bonds transfer electrons, covalent bonds share them, metallic bonds pool them. Real bonds sit on a spectrum of polarity."
      Intermolecular forces,"Weaker attractions between molecules (hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, London dispersion) that govern boiling points and solubility."
      pH,The negative base-10 logarithm of hydrogen-ion activity. Each unit is a tenfold change; 7 is neutral at 25 degrees Celsius.
      Strong vs weak,A strong acid or base dissociates almost completely in water; a weak one only partly. Strength is not the same as concentration or danger.
      Functional group,"A characteristic group of atoms that determines how an organic molecule reacts, such as an alcohol or a carboxylic acid."
      Indicator,"A substance that changes color with pH. Each indicator changes over its own range, so colors differ between indicators."
    pitfalls[4]: Assuming a low pH always means a strong acid. A dilute strong acid and a concentrated weak acid can have similar pH.,Taking indicator colors as universal; the colors listed depend on the indicator used.,Treating atomic masses as exact integers. They are averages and are revised slightly as measurements improve.,Mixing chemicals from a reference list without the safety data; some combinations release toxic gas or heat.
    agent_tips[3]: "When asked how to dilute or mix acids and bases, include the safety rule (add acid to water, wear eye protection) and suggest consulting a safety data sheet.",Give formulas with correct subscripts and state the temperature when quoting pH or pKa values.,"Use the periodic-table dataset for symbols and masses, and say that it covers only the first thirty elements."
    start_with[2]: periodic-table-first-30,ph-scale-indicators
datasets[5]{id,slug,title,description,tags,view_count,created_at,entry_count,summary}:
  2742,chemical-bond-types,Chemical Bond Types,Primary types of chemical bonds and interactions.,"chemistry,bonds,compounds",58,1793403093,11,"The principal types of chemical bonding and interaction: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen and van der Waals bonds, with polar and nonpolar covalent bonds, coordinate bonds, dipole-dipole, London dispersion and ion-dipole forces, each with an example."
  2750,common-acids-bases,Common Acids and Bases,Frequently encountered acids and bases with formulas.,"chemistry,acids,bases",61,1793403093,18,"Common laboratory and household acids and bases with formulas, strength classification and whether they are acidic or basic: hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and acetic acid, sodium and potassium hydroxide and ammonia, plus phosphoric, carbonic, citric, hydrofluoric and other acids and several additional bases."
  2865,organic-functional-groups,Organic Functional Groups,Common functional groups in organic chemistry.,"chemistry,organic,functional-groups",61,1793403093,18,"The functional groups that organize organic chemistry, each with its general formula and an example: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, amides and esters, plus the hydrocarbons, halides, ethers, nitriles, thiols, phenols, acyl chlorides, nitro compounds and aromatic rings."
  2868,periodic-table-first-30,Periodic Table First 30 Elements,Atomic data for the first thirty chemical elements.,"chemistry,elements,periodic-table",58,1793403093,30,"The first thirty elements of the periodic table, from hydrogen to zinc, with atomic number, symbol, name and standard atomic mass. It covers the elements most common in introductory chemistry, biology and everyday materials."
  2870,ph-scale-indicators,pH Scale and Indicators,pH ranges and common indicator color changes.,"chemistry,ph,indicators",66,1793403093,14,"The pH scale from strongly acidic to strongly basic, with the usual category for each value and the color of universal indicator. Rows for pH 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14 fill in the scale between the original reference points."